醫事法律-舉證責任倒置之適用 - 法律
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By Edward Lewis
at 2009-08-26T04:54
at 2009-08-26T04:54
Table of Contents
法界名言: 「舉證責任之所在,勝敗之關鍵」
舉證責任倒置適用醫療疏失
但是為什麼"說明義務"也適用呢?
照理應該是不合用
個人覺得下面引述的台中地院的判決解釋很奇怪,
以此類推,
信用卡糾紛,雷曼債券受害者也能
因為財金專業之認識,跟金融機構處於極不平等之地位
要求被告方舉證,簽約前已經詳細說明負面後果,已經教育訓練完成?
而不是原告得舉證簽約前被洗腦穩賺不賠,沒有風險.
另外,翻閱最近台灣的醫療糾紛判決,幾乎都有引用這一條
但是美國僅在專家作證只有疏忽才會造成同樣結果時引用
"if a medical expert testifies that a particular result does not
occur in the absence of negligence"
台北地院(95,醫,17)的判決就很奇怪, 個人認為並不適用
原告因手臂為人砍傷求醫,事後造成「左拇指伸姆長肌斷裂」
之結果,這樣就足以適用Res Ispa Loquitur?
除非原告能證明在求醫前「左拇指伸姆長肌」並未斷裂,
不然何以見得此斷裂是醫師的疏失所致?
意外傷害的困難點在於損害程度無法控制,急救止血修補檢查到
的肌肉神經血管,正如法官不是神,醫師也不是神,怎麼可能完好如初?
肌肉斷裂跟神經損傷的症狀一樣都是拇指不能動,誤判可以理解.
病歷上也有記載
哪有可能是「除非欠缺注意,否則通常不會發生」?
既非蓄意傷害或應注意而未注意,救人一命反而要賠上30萬元
豈不是天大的諷刺?
謝謝!
-------------------------------------------------------
民事訴訟法第二百七十七條:
當事人主張有利於己之事實者,就其事實有舉證之責任。
但法律別有規定或依其情形顯失公平者,不在此限。
(台北地院上個月的判決)
在舉證責任分配上,由於醫療過失之有無,醫師與醫院方面具有
較強之專業舉證能力,必須舉證無醫療過失,方得免除侵權行為
損害賠償責任,而非要求原告方面就此舉證。
(臺中地院 九十年度重訴字第三三四號)
惟在本件醫療糾紛之事件,病患王○○與被告周間,就醫療專業之認識
,處於極不平等之地位,且核以當前之醫療實務,病患之病歷與其他有
關之就診資料,均為醫師及醫院所保有,病患難以知悉,且本件原告係
主張被告周○○未盡說明義務,屬消極之事實,茍要求原告應就上開過
失事實之存在,負舉證責任,自顯失公平,故而關於上開事實之有無之
舉證責任,本院認為有民事訴訟法第二百七十七條但書規定之適用
(台北地院(95,醫,17))
依英美侵權行為法理有關醫療事件之「事實說明自己」法
則(Res Ispa Loquitur),亦應減輕緩和原告之舉證責
任,本件原告既已證明其傷勢未能治癒之原因,除非係因
醫事人員之欠缺注意,否則通常不會發生,且此事故發生
情形又在被告掌控範圍內,而無其他因素介入,原告既因
手臂傷勢至被告醫院接受治療,卻在事後造成「左拇指伸
姆長肌斷裂」之結果,自應認其舉證責任已經足夠。被告
雖提出教科書等資料為證,然益足以證明對於已縫合傷口
有再度出血之可能性,既為教科書所載明,具有專業知識
之醫師,更應注意防止各種出血之可能性,並且注意後遺
症之出現,被告既無法舉證因其他不可抗力之原因導致原
告受傷之結果,是其抗辯其診治及處置與原告手臂之腫脹
無因果關係,顯無所據。
「舉證責任轉換法則」係根源於英美法侵權行為法中所謂「Res ipsa loquitur」
(「事實證明過失法則」或「事情本身為自已說話」)之法則,由英國法院於
一八六三年創為判例,乃一種情況證據法則。
在美國不是什麼醫療糾紛都適用, 常見的案例包括
手術後不小心將異物留在病人體內
用於治療病人的某項物質起火或爆炸
開刀時開錯病人或開錯部位
http://www.medicalmalpractice.com/Res-Ipsa-Loquitur.cfm
To invoke this doctrine successfully, a plaintiff has to show that:
1. Evidence of the actual cause of the injury is not obtainable;
2. The injury is not the kind that ordinarily occurs in the absence
of negligence by someone;
3. The plaintiff was not responsible for his or her own injury;
4. The defendant, or its employees or agents, had exclusive control
of the instrumentality that caused the injury; and
5. The injury could not have been caused by any instrumentality
other than that over which the defendant had control.
(全部5點都要符合才適用)
判決文:
COUNT II – RES IPSA LOQUITUR
12. Plaintiff hereby incorporates by reference the allegations
of paragraphs 1 through 11 as if fully set forth herein.
13. Following the nerve root block procedure performed by
Defendant XXXXXXXX, Plaintiff experienced paralysis of her extremities
resulting from an injury to her spinal cord, brain, and nervous system.
14. The instrumentalities involved in the nerve root block
procedure were under the Defendant XXXXXXXX's exclusive control, care
and management and defendant XXXXXXXX possessed superior knowledge
about the nerve root block procedure and the cause of the Plaintiff
Rose XXXXXXXX' injuries.
15. The paralysis and adverse events suffered by the Plaintiff
Rose XXXXXXXX immediately following the nerve root block procedure
performed by defendant XXXXXXXX does not ordinarily exist absent
negligence by the physician, Defendant XXXXXXXX.
16. That Defendant XXXXXXXX is thereby negligent and liable
under the theory of res ipsa loquitur.
--
舉證責任倒置適用醫療疏失
但是為什麼"說明義務"也適用呢?
照理應該是不合用
個人覺得下面引述的台中地院的判決解釋很奇怪,
以此類推,
信用卡糾紛,雷曼債券受害者也能
因為財金專業之認識,跟金融機構處於極不平等之地位
要求被告方舉證,簽約前已經詳細說明負面後果,已經教育訓練完成?
而不是原告得舉證簽約前被洗腦穩賺不賠,沒有風險.
另外,翻閱最近台灣的醫療糾紛判決,幾乎都有引用這一條
但是美國僅在專家作證只有疏忽才會造成同樣結果時引用
"if a medical expert testifies that a particular result does not
occur in the absence of negligence"
台北地院(95,醫,17)的判決就很奇怪, 個人認為並不適用
原告因手臂為人砍傷求醫,事後造成「左拇指伸姆長肌斷裂」
之結果,這樣就足以適用Res Ispa Loquitur?
除非原告能證明在求醫前「左拇指伸姆長肌」並未斷裂,
不然何以見得此斷裂是醫師的疏失所致?
意外傷害的困難點在於損害程度無法控制,急救止血修補檢查到
的肌肉神經血管,正如法官不是神,醫師也不是神,怎麼可能完好如初?
肌肉斷裂跟神經損傷的症狀一樣都是拇指不能動,誤判可以理解.
病歷上也有記載
哪有可能是「除非欠缺注意,否則通常不會發生」?
既非蓄意傷害或應注意而未注意,救人一命反而要賠上30萬元
豈不是天大的諷刺?
謝謝!
-------------------------------------------------------
民事訴訟法第二百七十七條:
當事人主張有利於己之事實者,就其事實有舉證之責任。
但法律別有規定或依其情形顯失公平者,不在此限。
(台北地院上個月的判決)
在舉證責任分配上,由於醫療過失之有無,醫師與醫院方面具有
較強之專業舉證能力,必須舉證無醫療過失,方得免除侵權行為
損害賠償責任,而非要求原告方面就此舉證。
(臺中地院 九十年度重訴字第三三四號)
惟在本件醫療糾紛之事件,病患王○○與被告周間,就醫療專業之認識
,處於極不平等之地位,且核以當前之醫療實務,病患之病歷與其他有
關之就診資料,均為醫師及醫院所保有,病患難以知悉,且本件原告係
主張被告周○○未盡說明義務,屬消極之事實,茍要求原告應就上開過
失事實之存在,負舉證責任,自顯失公平,故而關於上開事實之有無之
舉證責任,本院認為有民事訴訟法第二百七十七條但書規定之適用
(台北地院(95,醫,17))
依英美侵權行為法理有關醫療事件之「事實說明自己」法
則(Res Ispa Loquitur),亦應減輕緩和原告之舉證責
任,本件原告既已證明其傷勢未能治癒之原因,除非係因
醫事人員之欠缺注意,否則通常不會發生,且此事故發生
情形又在被告掌控範圍內,而無其他因素介入,原告既因
手臂傷勢至被告醫院接受治療,卻在事後造成「左拇指伸
姆長肌斷裂」之結果,自應認其舉證責任已經足夠。被告
雖提出教科書等資料為證,然益足以證明對於已縫合傷口
有再度出血之可能性,既為教科書所載明,具有專業知識
之醫師,更應注意防止各種出血之可能性,並且注意後遺
症之出現,被告既無法舉證因其他不可抗力之原因導致原
告受傷之結果,是其抗辯其診治及處置與原告手臂之腫脹
無因果關係,顯無所據。
「舉證責任轉換法則」係根源於英美法侵權行為法中所謂「Res ipsa loquitur」
(「事實證明過失法則」或「事情本身為自已說話」)之法則,由英國法院於
一八六三年創為判例,乃一種情況證據法則。
在美國不是什麼醫療糾紛都適用, 常見的案例包括
手術後不小心將異物留在病人體內
用於治療病人的某項物質起火或爆炸
開刀時開錯病人或開錯部位
http://www.medicalmalpractice.com/Res-Ipsa-Loquitur.cfm
To invoke this doctrine successfully, a plaintiff has to show that:
1. Evidence of the actual cause of the injury is not obtainable;
2. The injury is not the kind that ordinarily occurs in the absence
of negligence by someone;
3. The plaintiff was not responsible for his or her own injury;
4. The defendant, or its employees or agents, had exclusive control
of the instrumentality that caused the injury; and
5. The injury could not have been caused by any instrumentality
other than that over which the defendant had control.
(全部5點都要符合才適用)
判決文:
COUNT II – RES IPSA LOQUITUR
12. Plaintiff hereby incorporates by reference the allegations
of paragraphs 1 through 11 as if fully set forth herein.
13. Following the nerve root block procedure performed by
Defendant XXXXXXXX, Plaintiff experienced paralysis of her extremities
resulting from an injury to her spinal cord, brain, and nervous system.
14. The instrumentalities involved in the nerve root block
procedure were under the Defendant XXXXXXXX's exclusive control, care
and management and defendant XXXXXXXX possessed superior knowledge
about the nerve root block procedure and the cause of the Plaintiff
Rose XXXXXXXX' injuries.
15. The paralysis and adverse events suffered by the Plaintiff
Rose XXXXXXXX immediately following the nerve root block procedure
performed by defendant XXXXXXXX does not ordinarily exist absent
negligence by the physician, Defendant XXXXXXXX.
16. That Defendant XXXXXXXX is thereby negligent and liable
under the theory of res ipsa loquitur.
--
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